-
Postgraduate Medical Journal Sep 1979Data on mycoses known to be imported into the United Kingdom are sparse. Estimates on the prevalence of fungal infections have to be based on indirect and incomplete...
Data on mycoses known to be imported into the United Kingdom are sparse. Estimates on the prevalence of fungal infections have to be based on indirect and incomplete figures, obtained from isolation figures and reports of individual cases to co-ordinating centres such as the Mycological Reference Laboratory and the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre of the Public Health Laboratory Service. Imported species of dermatophytes account for less than 1% of the total number of isolations made annually at mycological laboratories throughout the U.K. A suggested prevalence of dermatophytosis in this country is c. 250 000 cases per annum. Trichophyton rubrum may now be the most common species of dermatophyte. Other estimates of the frequencies with which infections are recorded each year include mycetoma (7-10), histoplasmosis (2-5), aspergilloma (50-80), invasive aspergillosis (10-30), Candida vaginitis (greater than or equal to 1 000 000), invasive candidiasis (10-80), Candida endocarditis (1-2) and cryptococcosis (6-10).
Topics: Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Dermatomycoses; Emigration and Immigration; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Mycetoma; Mycoses; Travel; United Kingdom
PubMed: 523346
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.55.647.595 -
BMC Microbiology Jan 2023Biological phenotypes are important characteristics of microorganisms, and often reflect their genotype and genotype changes. Traditionally, Trichophyton rubrum (T....
BACKGROUND
Biological phenotypes are important characteristics of microorganisms, and often reflect their genotype and genotype changes. Traditionally, Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) phenotypes were detected using carbon source assimilation tests, during which the types of tested substances are limited. In addition, the operation is complicated, and only one substance can be tested at once. To observe the changes of the metabolic phenotype of T. rubrum after laser irradiation, a high-throughput phenotype microarray system was used to analyze the metabolism of different carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur source substrates in a Biolog metabolic phenotyping system.
RESULTS
The strain of T. rubrum used in this study can effectively utilize 33 carbon, 20 nitrogen, 16 phosphorus, and 13 sulfur source substrates prior to laser irradiation. After laser irradiation, the strain was able to utilize 10 carbon, 12 nitrogen, 12 phosphorus, and 8 sulfur source substrates. The degree of utilization was significantly decreased compared with the control. Both groups efficiently utilized saccharides and organic acids as carbon sources as well as some amino acids as nitrogen sources for growth. The number of substrates utilized by T. rubrum after laser irradiation were significantly reduced, especially carbon substrates. Some substrates utilization degree in the laser treated group was higher than control, such as D-glucosamine, L-glutamine, D-2-Phospho-Glyceric Acid, D-glucosamine-6-phosphate, and D-methionine.
CONCLUSION
Laser irradiation of T. rubrum may lead to changes in the metabolic substrate and metabolic pathway, thus weakening the activity of the strain.
Topics: Trichophyton; Lasers; Phenotype; Phosphorus; Sulfur
PubMed: 36681800
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02759-3 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Sep 2019The species complex comprises commonly encountered dermatophytic fungi with a worldwide distribution. The members of the complex usually have distinct phenotypes in...
The species complex comprises commonly encountered dermatophytic fungi with a worldwide distribution. The members of the complex usually have distinct phenotypes in culture and cause different clinical symptoms, despite high genome similarity. In order to better delimit the species within the complex, molecular, phenotypic, and physiological characteristics were combined to reestablish a natural species concept. Three groups, , , and , could be distinguished based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA barcode gene. On average, strains within each group were similar by colony appearance, microscopy, and physiology, but strains between groups showed significant differences. strains had higher keratinase activity, whereas strains tended to be more lipophilic; however, none of the phenotypic features were diagnostic. The results of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were partially consistent with the ITS data but failed to distinguish the species unambiguously. Despite their close similarity, , , and can be regarded as independent species with distinct geographical distributions and clinical predilections. is pheno- and genotypically intermediate between and For routine diagnostics, ITS sequencing is recommended.
Topics: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Humans; Microbiological Techniques; Microscopy; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 31189587
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00352-19 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Dec 2019The aim of this study was to estimate the therapeutic potential of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) on dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. The IgY was...
The aim of this study was to estimate the therapeutic potential of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) on dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. The IgY was produced by immunizing hens with cell wall proteins of T. rubrum, extracted from eggs by PEG precipitation and then purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The cross-reactivity (CR) with other fungi, growth inhibition on T. rubrum in vitro and therapeutic effect on T. rubrum infection in BALB/C mice of the specific IgY were then evaluated. Anti- T. rubrum cell wall proteins IgY (anti-trCWP IgY) presented a certain degree of cross-reactivity with different fungi. In the in vitro and in vivo activity researches, Anti-trCWP IgY showed a significant dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect on T. rubrum in vitro and a significant dose-dependent therapeutic effect on T. rubrum infection in BALB/C mice.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Fungal; Antigens, Fungal; Chickens; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disease Models, Animal; Egg Yolk; Immunization; Immunoglobulins; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Skin; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 31513894
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103741 -
Polymers Nov 2021() is the main cause of chronic dermatophytosis which is highly prevalent worldwide. This study was aimed to fabricate and characterize polymeric emulgel of eugenol and...
() is the main cause of chronic dermatophytosis which is highly prevalent worldwide. This study was aimed to fabricate and characterize polymeric emulgel of eugenol and linalool for the treatment of infections. Using the slow emulsification method, the emulgel was prepared and characterized for thermodynamic stability, pH analysis, viscosity, spreadability, swelling behavior, %drug content, surface morphology, globules size, polydispersity index, surface charge (mV), thermal behavior, in vitro drug release and XRD studies. Biological activities of emulgel were conducted against in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that emulgel formulations were thermodynamically stable. The pH of the formulations was within an acceptable range for skin. The viscosity and spreadability were optimum for the better patient compliance. The swelling behavior was 111.10 ± 1.25% after 90 min. The drug content was within the official pharmacopeia limit i.e., 100 ± 10%. The surface morphology revealed by scanning electron microscopy showed a spherical-shaped structure with characteristic larger cracks and wrinkles. The droplet size, PDI, and surface charge of the optimized emulgel were 888.45 ± 8.78 nm, 0.44 and -20.30 mV, respectively. The emulgel released 84.32% of eugenol and 76.93% of linalool after 12 h. There was complete disappearance of the diffraction peaks corresponding to the drugs after XRD analysis. In rabbits, the infection was safely and completely recovered after 12 days and the emulgel produced significant effects ( < 0.05) similar to the standard product Clotrim. It is concluded that the eugenol-linalool emulgel best described all its physical properties and can be applied topically for the treatment of infections.
PubMed: 34833203
DOI: 10.3390/polym13223904 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2015Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi responsible for benign and common forms of infection worldwide. However, they can lead to rare and severe diseases in... (Review)
Review
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi responsible for benign and common forms of infection worldwide. However, they can lead to rare and severe diseases in immunocompromised patients. Severe forms include extensive and/or invasive dermatophytosis, , deep dermatophytosis and Majocchi's granuloma. They are reported in immunocompromised hosts with primary (autosomal recessive CARD9 deficiency) or acquired (solid organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases requiring immunosuppressive treatments, HIV infection) immunodeficiencies. The clinical manifestations of the infection are not specific. Lymph node and organ involvement may also occur. Diagnosis requires both mycological and histological findings. There is no consensus on treatment. Systemic antifungal agents such as terbinafine and azoles (itraconazole or posaconazole) are effective. However, long-term outcome and treatment management depend on the site and extent of the infection and the nature of the underlying immunodeficiency.
PubMed: 29376922
DOI: 10.3390/jof2010004 -
Indian Dermatology Online Journal 2021The pathogenesis of dermatophytic infections involves the interplay of three major factors: the dermatophyte, the inherent host defense, and the adaptive host immune... (Review)
Review
The pathogenesis of dermatophytic infections involves the interplay of three major factors: the dermatophyte, the inherent host defense, and the adaptive host immune response. The fungal virulence factors determine the adhesion and invasion of the skin while the immune response depends on an interaction of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the host, which lead to a differential Th (T helper) 1, Th2, Th17, and Treg response. While anthropophilic dermatophytes and now increasingly by subvert the immune response via mannans, zoophilic species are eliminated due to a brisk immune response. Notably, delayed-type hypersensitivity (Th1) response of T lymphocytes causes the elimination of fungal infection, while chronic disease caused by anthropophilic species corresponds to toll-like receptor 2 mediated IL (interleukin)-10 release and generation of T-regulatory cells with immunosuppressive potential. Major steps that determine the ultimate clinical course and chronicity include genetic susceptibility factors, impaired epidermal and immunological barriers, variations in the composition of sebum and sweat, carbon dioxide tension, skin pH, and topical steroid abuse. It is important to understand these multifarious aspects to surmount the problem of recalcitrant dermatophytosis when the disorder fails conventional therapeutic agents.
PubMed: 34211904
DOI: 10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_503_20 -
Auxotrophic mutations of Trichophyton rubrum created by in vitro synthesized Cas9 ribonucleoprotein.BMC Biotechnology Jan 2020Trichophyton rubrum is an obligate human parasitic fungus and responsible for approximately 80-90% of dermatomycosis in human. Molecular genetic manipulations of this...
BACKGROUND
Trichophyton rubrum is an obligate human parasitic fungus and responsible for approximately 80-90% of dermatomycosis in human. Molecular genetic manipulations of this pathogen are challenging and available tools and protocols are only rudimentary. We adapt molecular genetics methods of well established fungal model organism, to knock out genes in T. rubrum. For the adaptation, crucial modifications are necessary. With the implementation of in vitro synthesized Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex, it is possible to adapt molecular genetic methods, to knock out genes in T. rubrum.
RESULTS
The gene knock-out method is based on integration of a selection marker into the target site, to interrupt the gene translation. The target gene gets preassigned by the homologous sequence of the in vitro synthesized Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex. To develop the method, we first isolated and characterized a T. rubrum strain with a high amount of microconidia. Next, we developed a transformation protocol, whereby the Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein gets delivered into the fungal protoplast by the PEG method. We knocked out the URA3 gene and resulted, as predicted, uracil auxotrophic strains. These strains can be used for specific gene knock-outs by reintegrating the URA3 fragment and selection on uracil lacking cultivation media. Exemplary, we knocked out the TRP3 gene and got the predicted phenotype, tryptophan auxotrophic strains. The mutation had been verified by sequencing.
CONCLUSIONS
We developed a method, based on in vitro synthesized Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex, for target specific gene knock-outs in T. rubrum. We knocked out the Ura3 gene and resulted uracil auxotrophic strains. These strains were used for target specific gene knock-outs by reintegrating the Ura3 fragment into the target gene site to interrupt the gene transcription. The developed method allows to adapt sophisticate gene manipulation methods of model fungal species to non-model species.
Topics: CRISPR-Associated Protein 9; Culture Media; Fungal Proteins; Gene Knockout Techniques; Mutation; Mycology; Ribonucleoproteins; Trichophyton; Uracil; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems
PubMed: 31959181
DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-0601-z -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Mar 2021Tavaborole is currently used in the topical treatment of onychomycosis. In this study, we analyzed the emergence/evolution of resistance against tavaborole in When...
Tavaborole is currently used in the topical treatment of onychomycosis. In this study, we analyzed the emergence/evolution of resistance against tavaborole in When strains were propagated on media containing the MIC of tavaborole, spontaneous resistant mutants were isolated at a frequency of 10 The frequency was almost 100-fold higher following fungal growth in the presence of a subinhibitory tavaborole concentration (0.5-fold the MIC) for 10 transfers. All collected mutants showed similar 4- to 8-fold increases in the drug MIC. No cross-resistance to other antifungals was evident.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Boron Compounds; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Humans; Onychomycosis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 33468466
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02324-20 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2015Manifestations of infestations, such as tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis, are among the most common human skin diseases seen throughout the world. About... (Review)
Review
Manifestations of infestations, such as tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis, are among the most common human skin diseases seen throughout the world. About 80% of patients presenting with acute dermatophytosis respond well to topical antifungal treatment. However, the remaining 20% of patients progress into a chronic state of dermatophytosis, which is resistant to antifungal treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to have a better understanding and appreciation for the diverse immune responses to Trichophyton as this is critical for the development of therapeutic strategies for those individuals who suffer from a chronic manifestation of () infection. As a result, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to review and discuss previous studies that evaluated the human body's defense to infections and to understand why and how these fungal infections invade the host defense system. Our research revealed that a cell-mediated immune response is critical in defending the body against . However, this organism has mechanisms that enable it to evade the immune system. Therefore, a more successful treatment for chronic infection would involve targeting the mechanisms of that diminish the immune response, while restoring the cell-mediated immune response.
PubMed: 29376904
DOI: 10.3390/jof1020130